RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY EQUIPMENT

The means of breathing in humans include:

1. Nose,

2. Respiratory tract (pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronkeolus, alveoli)

3. Lungs

1. Nose

The nose is the organ through which the air first. In the nasal cavity are the hairs and mucous membranes, which serves as a filter, heating, and air humidity regulator that will go into the lungs.
Should always breathe through the nose. Why is that? Did you find it hard to breathe through the nose when the flu?

2. Respiratory Tract:

• Pharynx

Pharynx (throat) is the junction between the esophagus and throat. There is a valve called the epiglottis (the son of the pharynx) serves as a regulator of the entrance to the esophagus and throat. Have you ever choked on food? Just think what causes it?

• Larynx

Larynx is a larynx, consisting of pieces of cartilage forming Adam's apple and there is a gap towards the windpipe (trachea) is called the glottis, in which there are a few vocal cords and the muscles that regulate the tension of the vocal cords causing the sound.

• The trachea (windpipe)

A pipe whose walls are composed of three layers, namely the outer layer consists of connective tissue, the middle layer consists of smooth muscle and cartilage rings, and the inner layer consists of epithelial tissue besilia. Located in front of the neck of the esophagus

• bronchi

Is branching trachea toward the right lung and left. Structure together with tracheal bronchi, only the walls are more subtle. Position of the left bronchi is more horizontal than the right bronchi, so that the right bronchi more susceptible to disease

• Bronkheolus

Bronkheolus is the branching of the bronchi, the channel is smoother and thinner walls. Bronkheolus left numbered 2, while the right amount to 3, the branching will form a finer branches like vessels.

• Alveolar

Form of the airways clogged air bubbles form, the walls thin layer of cells thick, moist and berlekatan with blood capillaries.
Alveolus serves as a surface respiration, a total area of ​​100 m2 (50 x body surface area) is sufficient to perform gas exchange through the body.

3. Lungs

Amounted to a pair is located at the left and right chest cavity.
Right lung has three lobes (gelambir), whereas the left lung has two lobes (gelambir). In the lungs there are alveoli, amounting to ± 300 million pieces.
The outside of the lung is wrapped by the pleural membrane to protect the lungs from friction when breathing, layered and filled with fluid 2

RESPIRATORY MECHANISM

Breathing in humans takes place by changing the air pressure inside the lungs. This pressure change causes the air to exit and enter from and into the lungs is called breathing.
The process of breathing in humans in 2 (two) phases:

1. Inspiration (inhalation)

Inspiration phase occurs due to the rib cage muscles and diaphragm contract. The volume of the chest cavity and lungs increases when the diaphragm moves down to the bottom and rib cage expand. The air pressure in the lungs would fall under atmospheric air pressure, and air will flow into the lungs.

2. Expiratory (exhalation)

Expiratory phase occurs due to the rib cage muscles and diaphragm relaxes. The volume of the chest cavity and lungs when the diaphragm moves up smaller and smaller rib cage. The air pressure in the lungs will rise above the atmospheric air pressure, and air will flow out of the lungs.

Sorts of Respiratory

1. Breathing Chest

Chest breathing takes place in two stages, namely:

a. Inspiration, occurs when the muscles between the ribs out of contract, rib cage lifted, the volume of the chest cavity enlarges, the lungs expand, so the air pressure becomes lower than atmospheric air, so that the air intake.

b. expiration, occurs when the muscle relaxes between outer rib, ribs will be attracted to its original position, to shrink the volume of the chest cavity, chest cavity air pressure increases, air pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric air, consequently the air out.

2. Abdominal breathing

Abdominal breathing takes place in two stages, namely:

a. Inspiration, occurs when the diaphragm muscle to contract, resulting in a horizontal diaphragm enlarges the volume of the chest cavity so that air pressure decreases and followed the expanding lungs cause air pressure lower than atmospheric air pressure and air intake.

b. expiration, beginning with the diaphragm relaxes muscles and abdominal wall muscles to contract causing the diaphragm elevated and curved pressing the chest cavity, chest cavity so that the volume decreases and the pressure is increased so that the air in their lungs out. Abdominal breathing generally occurs during sleep.

GAS EXCHANGE MECHANISM

1. Transport of O2

Gas exchange between O2 to CO2 occurs in the alveoli and tissues, through a process of diffusion. The oxygen diffuses through the alveoli will penetrate the alveolar membrane and binds to hemoglobin (Hb) in blood deoxygenation and produce a compound called oxyhemoglobin (HBO) as the following reaction:
Approximately 97% of oxygen in the form of oxyhemoglobin compounds, only 2-3% are soluble in the blood plasma will be carried by the blood throughout the body tissues, and will further the release of oxygen by diffusion from the blood into body tissues, such as the following reaction:

2. Transport of CO2

Carbon dioxide (CO2) produced from the cell respiration process will diffuse into the blood which would then be transported to the lungs for expulsion as breathing air.
There are 3 (three) ways of transporting CO 2:
• As the carbonate ion (HCO 3), approximately 60-70%.
• As karbominohemoglobin (HbCO2), about 25%.
• As the carbonic acid (H2CO3) approximately 60-10%.

DISORDERS / ON RESPIRATORY DISEASE

The respiratory system can experience a variety of disorders, either due to abnormalities of the respiratory system or due to bacterial infection.Some types of disorders include:

1. Asthma / shortness of breath, airway constriction caused by smooth muscle forming the wall of the channel continues to contract, due to allergies or adrenal hormone deficiency.

2. Asfiksi, disruption of transportation and the use of oxygen by the network due to drowning, pneumonia, CO poisoning.

3. Acidosis, due to elevated levels of carbonic acid and bicarbonate acid in the blood

4. Adenoid face (face fool), narrowing of the airways due to swelling of lymph glands (polyps), swelling in the pharynx (tonsils).

5. Pneumonia, pneumonia caused by bacterial infection Diplococcus pneumonia.

6. Diphtheria, blockage of the pharynx / larynx by mucus caused by bacterial infection of Corynebacterium diphteriae

7. Emphysema, lung ballooning due to excessive expansion of the alveoli.

8. Tuberculosis (TB), a lung disease caused by bacterial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosa.

9. Inflammation of the respiratory system:

bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchi.§
laryngitis, inflammation of the larynx§
pharyngitis, inflammation of the pharynx§
pleurisy, inflammation of the lining of the lungs§
renitis, inflammation of the nasal cavity§
sinusitis, an inflammation of the upper nasal cavity (sinus)§